Abstract: With the implementation of the national "Dual Carbon" Strategy, the green, clean, and recyclable new energy industry is undergoing vigorous development. Nanomaterials, as a new type of high-profile material emerging since the 21st century, have been widely applied in the new energy industry due to their excellent properties, such as high specific surface area and porous structure. The available data confirmed that nanomaterials could be easily inhaled by the human body, triggering pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and multi-organ damage. Employees engaged in nanomaterial-related work become a high-risk group for occupational health risks. However, there were relatively few studies on the toxic effects of nanomaterials and occupational health risks in the new energy industry. Therefore, to ensure the nanomaterial production workers' health and better promote the healthy development of the new energy industry, this article reviewed the application of nanomaterials in the new energy industry, their toxic effects, and the potential occupational health risks involved. Based on this, corresponding protective recommendations are proposed, aiming to provide reference for enterprises in formulating scientific occupational health protection strategies, reasonably selecting protective facilities and personal protective equipment, and ensuring the occupational health and safety of workers involved in nanomaterials in the new energy industry.